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Tellurium


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Atomic symbol: Te
Atomic number: 52
Atomic weight: 127.60
Atomic volume: 20.5 cm3/mol
Density: 6.24 g/cm3
Period Number: 5
Group number: 16
Group name: Non-Metal, Chalcogen
Element classification: Semi-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 722.7 K
Boiling point: 1263 K
Heat of fusion: 17.490 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 52.550 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 9.010 eV
1st ionization energy: 869.2 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1794.6 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2697.7 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.1
Electron affinity: 190.16 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.20 J/gK
Heat atomization: 197 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,18,6
Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
Minimum oxidation number: -2
Maximum oxidation number: 6
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 6


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: parallel chains
Color: silvery
Hardness: 2.3 mohs
Toxicity: yes
Characteristics: semimetal
Uses: semiconductors, steel


Reactions


Reaction with air: mild, w/ht, =>TeO2
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Te(IV)
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 8
Oxide(s): TeO2 TeO3
Hydride(s): H2Te
Chloride(s): Te2Cl Te3Cl2 Te4Cl16


Radius


Atomic Radius: 142 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): 207 pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 11.54 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 5.5 A^3


Abundance


Source: Zn/Pb smelting by-product
Relative abundance solar system: 0.682 log
Abundance earth's crust: -3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: No Data Available
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(L. tellus: earth) Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798.


Sources


Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.


Properties


Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure it exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.

Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel.


Uses


Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices.


Isotopes


Thirty isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 137. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes.

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