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Silver


Aluminium Alloy Sections in Russia  Aluminium alloy sections in Russia
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Steel and Rolled Steel in Russia  Steel and rolled steel in Russia
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Ferrochrome market research in the CIS  Ferrochrome market in CIS
Atomic symbol: Ag
Atomic number: 47
Atomic weight: 107.868
Atomic volume: 10.3 cm3/mol
Density: 10.5 g/cm3
Period Number: 5
Group number: 11
Group name: Trans. Met.
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1235.1 K
Boiling point: 2428 K
Heat of fusion: 11.30 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 250.580 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 7.576 eV
1st ionization energy: 731 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 2073.5 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3360.6 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.93
Electron affinity: 125.6 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.235 J/gK
Heat atomization: 284 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,18,1
Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s1
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 3
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic
Color: silvery
Hardness: 3.25 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: soft, ductile, tarnishes
Uses: film(AgBr),coins,jewelry


Reactions


Reaction with air: mild, =>Ag2O
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>AgNO3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 2
Oxide(s): Ag2O
Hydride(s): none
Chloride(s): AgCl


Radius


Atomic Radius: 144 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): 129 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 108 pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 89 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 429 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 630.5 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 7.9 A^3


Abundance


Source: Argentite (sulfide)
Relative abundance solar system: -0.313 log
Abundance earth's crust: -1.2 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 7.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 4×10-5 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor: silver; L. argentum: silver) Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C.


Sources


Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere.


Properties


Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important.


Uses


Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of the utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrode position, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnished and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate, a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has greatly exceeded the output.

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