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Praseodymium


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Atomic symbol: Pr
Atomic number: 59
Atomic weight: 140.9077
Atomic volume: 20.8 cm3/mol
Density: 6.77 g/cm3
Period Number: 6
Group number: none
Group name: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
Element classification: Metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 1204.2 K
Boiling point: 3293 K
Heat of fusion: 6.890 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 296.80 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 5.464 eV
1st ionization energy: 523.2 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1018 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2086 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 1.13
Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.19 J/gK
Heat atomization: 356 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,21,8,2
Electron Shell Configuration: [Xe] 4f3 6s2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 4
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 3


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: cp: close packed (ABCB)
Color: silvery-white
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: soft
Uses: alloys, Welder's mask


Reactions


Reaction with air: vigorous, =>Pr6O11 approx
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, PrCl3
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Pr(NO3)3
Reaction with 6M NaOH: ?


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 1
Oxide(s): PrO2 Pr6O11
Hydride(s): PrH2 PrH3
Chloride(s): PrCl3


Radius


Atomic Radius: 182 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 113 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 12.5 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 14.706 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 28.2 A^3


Abundance


Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite
Relative abundance solar system: -0.778 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0.9 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 9.2 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 6.4×10-7 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Gr. prasios, green, and didymos, twin) In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria, from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite. Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spectral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide.


Sources


The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of minerals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931.


Properties


Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that falls off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals, it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic.


Uses


Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3 are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when mixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welders goggles.

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