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Krypton


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Atomic symbol: Kr
Atomic number: 36
Atomic weight: 83.80
Atomic volume: 38.9 cm3/mol
Density: 0.003708 g/cm3
Period Number: 4
Group number: 18
Group name: Noble Gas
Element classification: Non-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Gas
Melting Point: 116.6 K
Boiling point: 119.7 K
Heat of fusion: 1.638 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 9.029 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 14.000 eV
1st ionization energy: 1350.7 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 2350.3 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3565.1 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 3
Electron affinity: kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.248 J/gK
Heat atomization: 0 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,8
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Maximum oxidation number: 2
Minimum common oxidation number: 0
Maximum common oxidation no: 2


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: fcc: face-centered cubic
Color: colorless
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: no
Characteristics: unreactive
Uses: lamps, UV-laser


Reactions


Reaction with air: none
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: none
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 6
Oxide(s): none
Hydride(s): none
Chloride(s): none


Radius


Atomic Radius: 112 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 0.01 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 2.5 A^3


Abundance


Source: Air
Relative abundance solar system: 1.653 log
Abundance earth's crust: -4 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1×10-4 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 2.1×10-4 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Gr. kryptos: hidden) Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983, the meter, which originally was defined as being one ten millionth of a quadrant of the earth's polar circumference, was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of a path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.


Sources


Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the "rare gases."


Properties


Krypton is a "noble" gas. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines.


Uses


Krypton clathrates are prepared using hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr can be used for chemical analysis by imbedding the isotope in various solids. During this process, kryptonates are formed. Kryptonate activity is sensitive to chemical reactions at the solution surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Uses thus far have been limited because of its high cost, as Krypton gas presently costs about $30/l.


Isotopes


Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Seventeen other unstable isotopes are recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine with other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds can exist. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been reported. Molecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+.

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