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Bromine


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Atomic symbol: Br
Atomic number: 35
Atomic weight: 79.904
Atomic volume: 23.5 cm3/mol
Density: 3.119 g/cm3
Period Number: 4
Group number: 17
Group name: Halogen
Element classification: Non-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Liquid
Melting Point: 266 K
Boiling point: 332.7 K
Heat of fusion: 5.286 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 15.438 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 11.814 eV
1st ionization energy: 1139.9 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 2103.4 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 3473.4 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.96
Electron affinity: 324.7 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.473 J/gK
Heat atomization: 112 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,7
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Minimum oxidation number: -1
Maximum oxidation number: 7
Minimum common oxidation number: -1
Maximum common oxidation no: 5


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: layers of Br2
Color: red-brown
Hardness: mohs
Toxicity: yes
Characteristics: diatomic,corrosive,liquid
Uses: pesticides,photography


Reactions


Reaction with air: none
Reaction with 6M HCl: none, dissolves Br2(aq)
Reaction with 15M HNO3: ?
Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>OBr-, Br-


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 2
Oxide(s): Br2O BrO2
Hydride(s): HBr
Chloride(s): BrCl


Radius


Atomic Radius: 114 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): 182 pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 0.12 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 3.1 A^3


Abundance


Source: Seawater, brines
Relative abundance solar system: 1.072 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0.4 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 2.4 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 6.73×101 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(Gr. bromos: stench) Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860.


Sources


A member of the halogen group, bromine is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Some bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm.


Properties


Bromine is the only nonmetallic liquid element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it.


Uses


Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important.

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