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Arsenic


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Atomic symbol: As
Atomic number: 33
Atomic weight: 74.9216
Atomic volume: 13.1 cm3/mol
Density: 5.72 g/cm3
Period Number: 4
Group number: 15
Group name: Non-Metal, Nitrogen group
Element classification: Semi-metal


States


Phase at room temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 886 K
Boiling point: K
Heat of fusion: ?
Heat of vaporization: 34.760 kJ/mol


Energies


Ionization Energy: 9.815 eV
1st ionization energy: 946.5 kJ/mole
2nd ionization energy: 1797.8 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy: 2735.4 kJ/mole
Electronegativity: 2.18
Electron affinity: 78 kJ/mole
Specific heat: 0.33 J/gK
Heat atomization: 302 kJ/mole atoms


Oxidation & Electrons


Shells: 2,8,18,5
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Minimum oxidation number: -3
Maximum oxidation number: 5
Minimum common oxidation number: -3
Maximum common oxidation no: 5


Appearance & Characteristics


Structure:: rhombohedral
Color: gray
Hardness: 3.5 mohs
Toxicity: ?
Characteristics: semimetal,brittle,3 forms
Uses: photocells (GaAs), poisons


Reactions


Reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>As4O6
Reaction with 6M HCl: none
Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, w/ht =>H3AsO4, NOx
Reaction with 6M NaOH: none


Other Forms


Number of isotopes: 1
Oxide(s): As2O3
Hydride(s): AsH3
Chloride(s): AsCl3 AsCl5


Radius


Atomic Radius: 120 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 72 pm


Conductivity


Thermal conductivity: 50.2 J/m-sec-deg
Electrical conductivity: 30.03 1/mohm-cm
Polarizability: 4.3 A^3


Abundance


Source: Arsenopyrite, enargite (misc)
Relative abundance solar system: 0.817 log
Abundance earth's crust: 0.3 log
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.8 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated oceanic abundance: 3.7-3 milligrams per liter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


History


(L. arsenicum, Gr. arsenikon: yellow orpiment, identified with arenikos: male, from the belief that metals were different sexes; Arabic, Az-zernikh, the orpiment from Persian zerni-zar, gold) Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications: yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1.97, and 5.73, respectively. It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. In 1649 Schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. Mispickel arsenopyrite, (FeSAs), is the most common mineral from which, on heating, the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide.


Properties


The element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid; it tarnishes in air, and when it is heated it rapidly oxidizes to arsenous oxide, which smells of garlic. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous.



Uses


Arsenic is used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. The most important compounds are white arsenic, the sulfide, Paris green, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Marsh's test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine. Arsenic is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light.

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